Linguistics & Formosan
languages
Last updated August 21 2007. More files will be added soon.
Recently added
Currently this project offers
mainly links to articles and maps available in
downloadable electronic format on the subjects of
Formosan linguistics and the various Formosan
languages. The index is being
reorganized to more accurately reflect the internal
relationships of the Formosan languages. Population size,
alternate names, dialects and
other information regarding a given language can be
found at:
Ethnologue: Languages of Taiwan
[ http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TW ]
.All corrections, suggestions and
suggested links are sincerely appreciated:
Index
[Back to
top]
-
General Topics: Formosan Languages; Maps & Corpora; General Articles
Formosan languages, spoken by indigenous Taiwanese, are notable in that many linguists assign them a prominent role in the development of the larger category of Austronesian languages. "Archaeological and linguistic research on Formosan languages... [e.g. Bellwood 1997:106] has made it increasingly clear that the Austronesian homeland was either in Taiwan or in neighbouring coastal southern China" (Adelaar 2004:4). The linguistic argument hangs upon the observation that there are approximately 1200 Austronesian languages (Tryon 1995:17), and these "are classified into ten subfamilies, nine of which are spoken only by indigenous Taiwanese (Formosans)" (Blust, 1999). As Comrie has observed:
... the internal diversity among the... Formosan languages... is greater than that in all the rest of Austronesian put together, so there is a major genetic split within Austronesian between Formosan and the rest... Indeed, the genetic diversity within Formosan is so great that it may well consist of several primary branches of the overall Austronesian family.
This leads Starosta (1993:1) to suggest that "Taiwan is very probably the homeland of all the Austronesian languages of the Pacific and mainland Southeast Asia." More recently, Fox (2004:8) notes the existence of a "a broad consensus that the homeland of the Austronesians was in Taiwan."
(Comrie, 2001:28) - References
-
Formosan.Languages
-
Pinpu, Pingpu or "Plains Tribes"
Languages: Note that the
preponderance of the extinct or moribund
Formosan languages fall within this broad
grouping. Living on fertile Western plains
directly across the Taiwan Strait from China,
and thus lacking the geographic barriers and
relative inaccessibility available to the
Mountain tribes (including those living on eastern
plains, see below), the Plains tribes have been
almost completely eradicated or absorbed
(both linguistically and culturally) through
intermarriage into the larger ethnic Chinese
group.
- Ketangalan [Extinct. Language family uncertain.]According to Li (2003), Ketangalan "should more properly be called Basay" (Li, 2003; as reprinted in Li, 2004:941 2n)
- Basay [Extinct]
- Kavalan [Regarding whether Kavalan is moribund, see (Lee & Tsuchida 2006)]
- Pazih (Pazeh, Kulon-Pazeh) [Moribund; only one living speaker (Zeitoun & Yu, 2005:168 3n).]
- Thao [Moribund; about 20 living speakers (Zeitoun & Yu, 2005:168 3n).]
- Southwestern Plains Languages:
- Siraya [Extinct]
- Makatao, Makattao [Extinct]
- Taivoan [Extinct]
- Western Plains Languages:
- Babuza [Extinct]
- Favorlang [Extinct]
- Taokas [Extinct]
- Hoanya [Extinct]
- Papora [Extinct]
-
Gaoshan or "Mountain Tribes"
Languages:
The geographical designation is not entirely
correct. The majority of these tribes did live
in the mountains. However, some (notably the Amis,
Puyuma and Paiwan) were plains-dwelling, albeit in the
east instead of the more accessible west.
- Amis. Unlike eight other Formosan languages investigated by Zeitoun et al (1996), Amis "exhibits no distinction between future/nonfuture or realis/irrealis," while its "...voice and tense system... differs quite drastically from other Formosan languages (Zeitoun et al, 1996:21,36).
-
Atayalic Languages:
- Atayal (Tayal). "Of all the Formosan languages and dialects, Mayrinax... and Pa'kuali' [dialects] of Atayal are the only known dialects that show certain well-defined differences between the male and female forms of speech" (Li 1982)
- Seediq (Taroko, Truku)
- Bunun
- Paiwan
- Puyuma
- Rukai. Rukai is the only Formosan language whose case-marking system does not have the features commonly described through use of the Philippinist 'focus' framework. (Ross and Teng 2005)
- Saisiyat
- Tsouic Languages:
- Tsou
- Kanakanavu [Moribund; about 100 living speakers (Zeitoun & Yu, 2005:168 3n).]
- Saaroa [Moribund; about 100 living speakers (Zeitoun & Yu, 2005:168 3n).]
- Tao (Yami) [Not typologically classified as Formosan]: "Yami, spoken on Orchid Island (politically part of Taiwan) is genetically closer to the Philippine languages (the Batanic subgroup)" (Zeitoun & Yu, 2005:168 3n).
-
Pinpu, Pingpu or "Plains Tribes"
Languages: Note that the
preponderance of the extinct or moribund
Formosan languages fall within this broad
grouping. Living on fertile Western plains
directly across the Taiwan Strait from China,
and thus lacking the geographic barriers and
relative inaccessibility available to the
Mountain tribes (including those living on eastern
plains, see below), the Plains tribes have been
almost completely eradicated or absorbed
(both linguistically and culturally) through
intermarriage into the larger ethnic Chinese
group.
Formosan Languages: Maps
& Corpora; General
Articles
[Back to
top]
.Maps & Other Resources
The.Formosan Language Archive
is a corpus of Formosan languages. It currently
includes texts from nine Formosan varieties
(including two endangered languages--Kanakanavu and
Pazih.
Suggested link: [most user-friendly
interface]
Digital Archiving Yami Language
Documentation.
[ http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami ]
[ http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/elearn/ ]
The NTU Corpus of Formosan languages.
[Kavalan, Saisiyat, Amis & Tsou.]
[ http://corpus.linguistics.ntu.edu.tw/ ]
Formosan Language Archive's Formosan
Linguistics: An Annotated Bibliography.
Searchable. Invaluable tool.
[ Formosan Linguistics
Bibliography ]
MAP #1 Distribution of Austronesian in
Taiwan
[ http://gis210.sinica.edu.tw/ysnp/ecai/language.pdf ]
(264 KB)
MAP #2 Distribution of Austronesian in
Taiwan depicting migration.
[ http://gis210.sinica.edu.tw/ysnp/ecai/moving.pdf ](375 KB)
MAP #3 Distribution of Austronesian
Very nice series of maps that zooms in on the
regions of various Austronesian languages
(including Formosan ones)
[ http://gis.ascc.net/pai/language/twn_language.pdf ](4.59 MB)
MAP #4 Formosan Languages and Yami
[ PDF ]
(385 KB)
.General Topics Articles
Blench, Roger (2004).
Stratification in the peopling of China: how far
does the linguistic evidence match genetics and
archaeology? Paper for the Symposium : Human
migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan:
genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence.
Geneva, June 10-13.
[ PDF ] (761
KB)
Blundell, David (2003). In Taiwan and the
Pacific, Lingua Franca, Multilingual Education and
Endangered Languages. Paper presented at the
first conference on Language Development, Language
Revitalization and Multilingual Education in
Minority Communities in Asia. November 6-8,
Bangkok, Thailand.
[ http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parrallel_papers/david_blundell.pdf ]
(963 KB)
Brubaker, Brian Lee (2003). Language
Attitudes and Identity in Taiwan. M.A. Thesis,
University of Pittsburgh.
[ PDF ] (825 KB)
Diamond, Jared M. (2000).
Taiwan's gift to the world. Nature
403:709-710.
[ PDF ] (108 KB)
Fox,
.James J. (2004).
Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian
Studies Paper prepared for Symposium Austronesia
Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas
Udayana, Bali 19-20 August.
[ PDF ] (106 KB)
Holmer, Arthur (2004). Intraposition and
Formosan adverbial heads. AFLA 11, ZAS, Berlin,
April 2004
[ http://www.ling.lu.se/persons/Arthur/sedafla.pdf ]
(198 KB)
Huteson,. Greg. (2005). Report on
Language Proficiency, Language Use, and Language
Attitudes Among the Puyuma. This report
summarizes research on language maintenance and
language shift among the Puyuma of Taitung County,
Taiwan.
[ http://www.silinternational.com/silesr/2005/silesr2005-001.pdf ]
(517 KB)
Lee, Amy Pei-jung. (2005). Rightward
reduplication in Formosan languages revisited.
Paper presented at AFLA 12, April 30–May 2,
UCLA.
[ PDF ] (298 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2001). The Dispersal of
The Formosan Aborigines in Taiwan. Languages
and Linguistics 2.1:271-78.
[ PDF ]
(214 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2005). Numerals in
Formosan Languages. Presented at the
Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages. June 23-24. Taipei, Taiwan.
[ PDF ] (436 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei. (2006). The Internal
Relationships of Formosan Languages. Paper
presented at Tenth International Conference on
Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL). 17-20 January
2006. Puerto Princesa City, Palawan,
Philippines.
[ PDF ] (300 KB)
Liao, Hsiu-chuan. (2000). The Noun Phrase
Accessibility Hierarchy revisited: A view from
ergative languages. Working Papers in
Linguistics 31:121-142. Department of
Linguistics, University of Hawai'i at Ma-noa.
[ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~hsiuchua/wp-NPAH.ergative.doc ]
(149 KB)
Randriamasimanana, Charles (2004). Malagasy
and Formosan Languages: A comparison. Language
and Linguistics 5.2:409-431.
[ PDF ](236
KB)
Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria, Meng-Chien Yang &
Maa-Neu Dong. (2006). Endangered Language
Documentation and Transmission. Paper presented
at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[
PDF ]
Ross, Malcolm (2006). The argument structure
of undergoer voice clauses in Formosan and other
Philippine-type languages. Paper presented to
AFLA 13, Hsinchu, Taiwan. 24th to 26th March 2006.
[ PDF ] (254 KB)
Sagart,.Laurent. (2002).
Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved
argument. Paper presented at Ninth International
Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9).
8-11 January 2002. Canberra, Australia.
[
PDF ] (588 KB)
Saving the World's Languages, One at a
Time: Brief article about Saaroan and Kavalan.
YLC Quarterly (Yamada language center). Fall 2005
Vol. 15. No. 1.
[ http://babel.uoregon.edu/YLC/ylcquarterly/05_fall.pdf ]
Starosta,.Stanley
(1993). The case marking system of
Proto-Formosan. In Sudaporn Luksaneeyanawin
(Ed.), Pan-Asian linguistics: Proceedings of the
Third International Symposium on Language and
Linguistics, Volume III. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn
University Press, 1205-1221.
[ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~stanley/cmspf.rtf ]
(150 KB)
Starosta, Stanley. (2002). Austronesian
'Focus' as derivation:Evidence from
Nominalization. Language and Linguistics
3.2:427-479.
[ PDF ]
(519 KB)
Su, L.I. (May 26-27, 2002). Documentation of
Formosan Languages. Paper, International
Workshop on Resources and Tools in Field
Linguistics Las Palmas.
[ http://www.mpi.nl/lrec/2002/papers/lrec-pap-32-LREC%20paper.pdf ]
(54k)
Sung, Li-May (2006). Verbal
Reflexives/Reciprocals in (Some) Formosan
Languages. Paper presented at Tenth
International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[
PDF ] (313 KB)
Trejaut, Jean A., Toomas Kivisild, Jun Hun Loo,
Chien Liang Lee, Chun Lin He, Chia Jung Hsu, Zheng Yuan
Lee, Marie Lin (2005) Traces of Archaic Mitochondrial
Lineages Persist in Austronesian-Speaking Formosan
Populations. PLoS Biology 3(8): e247
[ Print quality PDF ] (2.5 MB)
[ Screen quality PDF ] (432 KB)
Tsao, F.F. (1997). Preserving Taiwan's
Indigenous Languages and Cultures: A Discussion in
Sociolinguistic Perspective. In Nobutaka, I.
(Ed.) Globalization and Indigenous Culture.
Institute for Japanese Culture and Classics,
University of Kokugakuin. Brief paper on the
decline of Taiwan's native Austronesian languages
and commentary on the large issues of the decline
of minority languages with bibliography at the
end.
[ http://www.kokugakuin.ac.jp/ijcc/wp/global/07tsao.html ]
Tsao, Tseng-fu. (1999). The Language Planning
Situation in Taiwan. Journal of Multilingual
and Multicultural development. 20,
4&5:328-376
[ http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/020/0328/jmmd0200328.pdf ]
(436 KB)
Zeitoun,.Elizabeth & Ching-Hua Yu. (2005).
The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic
Analysis and Language Processing.
Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language
Processing. 10.2:167-200.
[ http://aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v10n2/v10n2a2.pdf ]
(375 KB)
Zeitoun, Elizabeth & Chen-huei Wu. (2005).
Prototypical and less prototypical patterns of
reduplication in Formosan Languages. Presented
at the Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[ PDF ] (342 KB)
Amis
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top]
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). See link at Basay
Wu, Joy. (2003). Clausal Modifiers in
Amis. Concentric: Studies in English
Literature and Linguistics 29.2: 59-81
[
PDF ]
Wu, Joy. (2005). Ma- Verbs in Amis: A Role
and Reference Grammar Analysis
[
http://linguistics.buffalo.edu/research/rrg/Wu-RRG05.pdf ]
(162 KB)
Wu, Joy. (2006). The Ideophone-Forming
Construction ...-Sa and Lexical Categories
in Amis Presented at the Taiwan-Japan Joint
Workshop on Austronesian Languages, Taipei, June
23-24.
[ PDF ] (342 KB)
Wu, Joy. (2006). The Analysis of pa- Verbs in
Amis. Paper presented at Tenth International
Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL).
January 17-20, 2006. Palawan, Philippines.
[
http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/wu_joy-pa%20verbs.pdf ]
(195 KB)
Yeh, Shih-Chi Stella. (2004). Reduplication
and Right-edge Faithfulness in Amis National
Tsing Hua University.
[ PDF ]
(96 KB)
Atayalic languages: Atayal (Tayal)
[Back to
top]
Aldridge, Edith. (1999). Leftward movement
and case-checking: Evidence from Atayalic
languages. Proceedings of AFLA VI (The sixth
meeting of the Austronesian Formal Linguistics
Association) Volume 16.2
[ PDF ](401 KB)
Chu, Man-ni. (2006). The Measurement of Final
[i] vs [ii] and [u] vs [uu] in Squliq Atayal.
Paper presented at Tenth International Conference
on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20,
2006. Palawan, Philippines.
[
PDF ]
Huang, Hui-chuan J.. (2005).
Contrast in Syllable Types: The Cases of Isbukun
Bunun and Squliq Atayal. Presented at the
Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[ PDF ] (109 KB)
Huang, Lillian M. (2001). Focus system of
Mayrinax Atayal: a syntactic, semantic and
pragmatic perspective. Journal of Taiwan
Normal University 46.2:51-69
See Language Support
Note.
[ http://140.122.99.2/ntnuj/j46/j46.asp?appl=hs46-4.pdf
] (762 KB)
Huang, Lillian M. (2002). Nominalization in
Mayrinax Atayal. Language and
Linguistics 3.2:197-225
[
PDF ] (286 KB)
Huang, Lillian M. (2006). Manifestations of
Participants in Atayal: A Cross-Dialectal
Study. Handout from Paper presented at Tenth
International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[ PDF ]
(119 KB)
Huang, Lillian M. & Philip W. Davis. (1989).
Negation in Atayal and Mandarin: A
Comparison.
[ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~pwd/atayalnegation.pdf ]
(119 KB)
Lambert, Wendy Mae (1999). Epenthesis,
metathesis, and vowel-glide alternation: Prosodic
reflexes in Mabalay Atayal. Master's Thesis,
National Tsing Hua University
[ http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/342-0999/roa-342-lambert-4.pdf ]
(801KB)
Liao, Hsiu-chuan. (2005). Another Look at the
Order of Clitic Pronouns in Wulai Atayal
Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 31.1:
47-63.
[ PDF ] (220 KB)
Liu, Adlay Kun-long (2005). The Structure of
Relative Clauses in Jianshi Squliq Atayal.
Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 31.2:
89-110.
[ PDF ] (333KB)
Lu, Anne Yu-an. (2005). Order and Interaction
of Prefixes in Mayrinax Atayal USTWPL 1:
295-310
[ PDF ] (339 KB)
Starosta, Stanley. Transitivity, ergativity,
and the best analysis of Atayal case marking.
Paper presented at the Eighth International
Conference on Austronesian Languages (8-ICAL),
Taipei, 28 December 1997 - 2 January 1998.
[ http://www2.hawaii.edu/~stanley/tebaacm.rtf
] (296 KB)
Tanangkingsing, Michael..(2003).
Do we move in different ways or do we differ in
our ways to move: A Study of Motion Verbs in Four
Austronesian Languages. Presented at the Second
Workshop on The Verb in Formosan Languages,
Academia Sinica, Taipei, November 1-2.
[ http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~f89142006/ZZPaper-SinicaMotion.doc ]
(126 KB)
Babuza & Favorlang
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top]
Klöter, Henning. (2005). Facts and
Fantasy about Favorlang: Early European encounters
with Taiwan's languages. Paper presented at the
2nd Conference of the European Association of
Taiwan Studies, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1-2
April 2005.
[PDF]
(76 KB)
Basay
[Back to top]
Li,.
Paul Jen-kuei (2004). Origins of the East
Formosans: Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya
Language and Linguistics
5.2:363-376.
[ PDF ] (318 KB)
Bunun
[Back to
top]
Huang, Hui-chuan J. (2005). On the Status of
Onglides in Isbukun Bunun. Concentric:
Studies in Linguistics 31.1: 1-20.
[ http://140.122.83.102/ConcentricLinguistics/Issue311.pdf ] (349
KB)
Huang, Hui-chuan J. (2005). [See ref. at Atayal].
Kanakanavu (Tsouic language
family)
[Back to
top]
To date I have found no online information about Kanakanavu. The Formosan Language Archive does include Kanakanavu texts. There is a section on Kanakanavu syntax in Li (1997), which is apparently compiled from Tsuchida (1976) and Mei (1982).
Kavalan
[Back to
top]
Chang, Yung-Li & Amy Pei-jung Lee. (2002).
Nominalization in Kavalan. Language and
Linguistics 3.2:349-368
[
PDF ] (286 KB)
Chang, Yung-Li & Wei-Tien Tsai. (2001).
Actor-sensitivity and obligatory control in
Kavalan and some other Formosan languages.
Language and Linguistics 2.1, 1-20
[
PDF ] (176 KB)
Hsieh, Fuhui & Chihsin Chen. (2006).
Nominalization and Relativization Constructions
in Kavalan Revisited. Paper presented at Tenth
International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[
PDF ] (280 KB)
Huang, Shuping & Sung, Li-May. (2005). The
Undergoer Focus Ma- in Kavalan.
Presented at the Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on
Austronesian Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[
PDF ] (214 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). See link at Basay
Shen, Chia-chi & Li-May Sung. (2005).
Reciprocals in Kavalan. Presented at the
Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[
PDF ] (275 KB)
Paiwan
[Back to
top]
Li, Chao-lin. (2005). Frames of Spatial
Reference in Paiwan. UST Working Papers in
Linguistics (USTWPL) 1: 161-186, 2005.
[ http://www.ling.nthu.edu.tw/ustwpl/vol1/7working%20paper-1(zao-lin).pdf ]
(258 KB)
Li, Chao-lin. (2006). On Grammaticalization
of Motion Verb in Paiwan. Paper presented at
Tenth International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[ PDF ]
(531 KB)
Tang, Chih-chen Jane (2005). The Syntax and
Semantics of Demonstratives in Paiwan Presented
at the Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[ PDF ] (636 KB)
Tang, Chih-chen Jane. (2002). On Negative
Constructions in Paiwan. Language and
Linguistics 3.4:745-810.
[ PDF
] (436 KB)
Tang, Chih-chen Jane. (2002). On
Nominalizations in Paiwan. Language and
Linguistics 3.2: 165-95.
[ PDF ] (369 KB)
Tseng, M. (2003). Reduplication as Affixation
in Paiwan. Master's Thesis, University of
Hawaii at Manoa.
See Language Support
Note.
[ http://roa.rutgers.edu/files/631-1003/631-TSENG-0-0.PDF
] (3.86 MB)
Wu, Chun-ming. (2006). Adverbials in
Paiwan. Paper presented at Tenth International
Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL).
January 17-20, 2006. Palawan, Philippines.
[PDF ]
Wu, Chun-ming & Henry Yungli Chang. (2005).
Noun Incorporation in Paiwan Presented at
the Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on Austronesian
Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[ PDF ] (327 KB)
Pazih (Pazeh)
[Back to
top]
Blust, Robert A. (1999). Notes on Pazeh
Phonology and Morphology. Oceanic
Linguistics 38.2:321-365.
[ http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/oceanic_linguistics/v038/38.2blust.pdf ]
(517 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2002). Nominalization in
Pazih. Language and Linguistics
3.2:227-239.
[ PDF
] (250 KB)
Puyuma
[Back to
top]
Cauquelin, Josiane (1991). The Puyuma
Language. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en
Volkenkunde. 147, 1:17-60.
[ http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/files/pdf/art_BKI_1406.pdf ]
(1216 KB)
Huteson, Greg. (2005). Report on Language Proficiency, Language Use, and Language Attitudes Among the Puyuma. [ See ref. at General Topics ]
Ross, Malcolm (2005). Negative verbal clause
constructions in Puyuma: exploring constructional
disharmony. Paper presented to the workshop
Constructions and Language Change at the
Seventeenth International Conference on Historical
Linguistics, Madison, Wisconsin. 27th December
2005.
[ PDF ] (325 KB)
Ross, Malcolm & Stacy Fang-ching Teng.
(2005). Clause Constructions in Nanwang
Puyuma. Concentric: Studies in
Linguistics 31.1: 119-158
[ PDF ] (1.2 MB)
Rukai
[Back to
top]
Chen, Cheng-fu (1999). Wh-words as
Interrogatives in Rukai (Kucapungan) in
National Taiwan University Working Papers in
Linguistics 2:93-138.
[ https://webspace.utexas.edu/cfchen/chen_inter_rukai.pdf ]
Chen, Cheng-fu (2002). Nominalization of
Interrogatives in Kucapungan Rukai. Language
and Linguistics 2:369-392.
[ http://webspace.utexas.edu/cfchen/chen_nomz_rukai.pdf ]
[ [PDF] ]
(331 KB)
Chen, Cheng-fu (2005). Object Voice and
Nominalization in Rukai. In Proceedings of
the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Austronesian
Formal Linguistics Association (AFLA). UCLA
Working Papers in Linguistics, no. 12.
[PDF ] (122 KB)
Chen, Cheng-fu (2005). Interrogatives as
Polarity Items in Kucapuangan Rukai.
Concentric: Studies in Linguistics, 31:1
(June 2005): 95-117.
[ http://140.122.83.102/ConcentricLinguistics/Issue315.pdf ]
(302 KB)
Huteson, Greg. (2003). Sociolinguistic survey
report for the Tona and Maga dialects of the Rukai
Language. SIL Electronic Survey Reports
2003-012, Dallas, TX: SIL International.
[ http://www.sil.org/silesr/2003/silesr2003-012.pdf
]
Wang, May Hsiu-mei. (2005). The Case Markers
in Tona Rukai Revisited: The Distinction between
ko and na Concentric: Studies
in Linguistics 31.2 (pp. 1-29)
[ PDF ] (540 KB)
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. (2002). Nominalization in
Mantauran (Rukai) Language and
Linguistics 3.2:241-282
[ PDF ] (420 KB)
Saisiyat
[Back to
top]
Tanangkingsing, Michael. (2003). [See ref. at Atayal].
Tanangkingsing, Michael. (2004). A Study of
Motion Events in Saisiyat and Cebuano. In S.
Kemmer & M. Achard (Eds.), Language, Mind,
and Culture (199-211). CSLI.
[ PDF ] (1.3 MB)
Zeitoun, Elizabeth. (2005). Saisiyat
Reduplication Revisited. Concentric: Studies
in Linguistics. 31.2:31-56.
[ PDF ]
Seediq (Taroko, Truku)
[Back to
top]
Aldridge, E. (2002). Nominalization and
WH-movement in Seediq and Tagalog. Language
and Linguistics 3.2:393-426.
[ PDF ]
Chiang, Wen-yu & Fang-mei Chiang. (2005).
Vowel Dispersion in Truku. Concentric:
Studies in Linguistics 31.1: 21-45
[ PDF ] (631 KB)
Huang, Shuanfan. (2002).. The Pragmatics of Focus in Tsou and Seediq. Language and Linguistics 3.4:665-694. [ PDF ] (351 KB)
Holmer, Arthur (1995). Right movement in
Seediq. Working Papers 44, 71-90. Lund, Sweden:
Dept. of Linguistics, Lund University.
[ http://www.ling.lu.se/disseminations/pdf/44/Holmer.pdf ]
(93 KB)
Holmer, Arthur (1996). Passive typology --
the case link. Working Papers 45, 63-78. Lund,
Sweden: Dept. of Linguistics, Lund University.
"...This analysis is indispensible to present a
satisfactory account of the voice system (or focus
system) in... Seediq."
[ http://www.ling.lu.se/disseminations/pdf/45/Holmer.pdf ]
(91 KB)
Holmer, Arthur (2002) The encoding of adverbs
of manner in the Formosan language Seediq.
Kuala Lumpur, October (2002).
[ http://www.ling.lu.se/persons/Arthur/seediqadv.pdf ](172
KB)
The Seediq subpage of Arthur
Holmer's Homepage. Includes a brief overview of
the language, some handouts in PDF format. Lund,
Sweden: Dept. of Linguistics, Lund
University.
[ http://www.ling.lu.se/persons/Arthur/seediq.html ]
Lin, Hsiu-hsu. (2005). The Grammaticalization
of Tense/Aspect Auxiliaries in Seediq.
Concentric: Studies in Linguistics
31.2:111-132
[ PDF ] (384 KB)
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan (1999)..Lexical
Courtesy Revisited: Evidence from Tsou and Seediq
Wh-Constructions
[ http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/ealc/chinling/articles/tsai6.pdf ]
(161 KB)
Tsukida, Naomi (2004). Handout:Seediq
subject-voice assignment in transitive clauses and
causative clauses. Handout from the Syntax of
the World's languages conference (SWL 1), Leipzig
(Germany), 5-8 August 2004.
[ http://www.eva.mpg.de/~cschmidt/SWL1/handouts/Tsukida.pdf ]
(161 KB)
Siraya
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top]
Adelaar, K. Alexander. (2005). The Austronesian
languages of Taiwan, with special reference to
Siraya Paper presented at the 2nd Conference of
the European Association of Taiwan Studies,
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 1-2 April 2005.
[ www.soas.ac.uk/taiwanstudiesfiles/EATS2005/panel6Adelaarpaper.pdf ]
(367 KB)
Li, Paul Jen-kuei (2004). See link at Basay
Tao (Yami)
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top]
Digital Archiving Yami Language
Documentation.
[ http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/yami ]
[ http://yamiproject.cs.pu.edu.tw/elearn/ ]
Lee, Amy Pei-jung (2004). Nasal behaviour in
Yami: a constraint-based analysis. Essex
Graduate Student Papers in Language and Linguistics
- Volume VI
[ PDF ]
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Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria & H.H. Chang. (2006).
Phonological Variation and Sound Change in Yami
on Orchid Island. Paper presented at Tenth
International Conference on Austronesian
Linguistics (ICAL). January 17-20, 2006. Palawan,
Philippines.
[ PDF ]
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Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria & Maa-Neu Dong. (2005).
Yami reduplication Concentric: Studies in
Linguistics 31.2.
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Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria (2005). Iconicity,
tense, aspect, and mood morphology in Yami.
Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 31.1:
65-94, 2005.
[ http://www.eng.ntnu.edu.tw/ConcentricLinguistics/Issue314.pdf
] (206 KB)
Rau, Der-Hwa Victoria (2002). Nominalization
in Yami. Language and Linguistics 3.2:
165-95.
[ PDF ] (189 KB)
Thao
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top]
Fitzpatrick, Justin M. (2004). A
Concatenative Theory of Possible Affix Types.
Presented at the 1st Escola de Verão de
Lingüística Formal da América do Sul
[First South American Summer School in Formal
Linguistics] (EVELIN) in January 2004, UNICAMP,
São Paulo, Brazil.
[ http://web.mit.edu/jfitzpat/www/evelin-mitwpl.pdf ]
(187 KB)
Tsou (Tsouic language family)
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top]
Chang, Melody Ya-yin (2000). On Tsou Wh-Questions: Movement or in Situ? Language and Linguistics 1.2:1-18. [ PDF ] (254 KB)
Chang, Melody Ya-yin (2002). Nominalization in Tsou. Language and Linguistics 3.2:335-348. [ PDF ] (260 KB)
Huang, Shuanfan (2002). [See ref. at Seediq].
Huang, Shuanfan & Huei-ju Huang. (2003).
On the status of reality marking in
Tsou.Taiwan Journal of Linguistics,
1.2:1-34.
[ PDF ] (243 KB)
Law, Paul & Hans-Martin Gärtner. (2005).
Postverbial wh-phrases in Malagasy, Tagalog and
Tsou UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics, no.
12, September 2005 Proceedings of AFLA XII, Heinz
& Ntelitheos (eds.)
[ PDF ] (282 KB)
Lin, Gu-Jing. (2005). The Morphological
Causative of Tsou: Its Grammatical Relation.
Presented at the Taiwan-Japan Joint Workshop on
Austronesian Languages, Taipei, June 23-24.
[ PDF ]
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan (1999). [See ref. at Seediq].
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan & Melody Yayin Chang.
(2003). Two types of Wh-Adverbials: A
typological study of how and why in
Tsou.
[ PDF ] (224 KB)
Weingartner, Fredric F. (2000). Tsou at
Luhtu. Taipei Ricci Institute.
[ http://www.riccibase.com/docfile/lin-hi03.htm ]
Language Support
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